Publicado:
dic 1, 2011
Convergencias y disparidades en las teorías sobre el cambio de las políticas públicas: una revisión preliminar y una propuesta de integración tipológica Convergences and disparities in policy change theories: a midterm review and a typological integration proposal.
Contenido principal del artículo
Tomando en cuenta aportaciones recientes realizadas por académicos reputados, tales como M. Howlett, B. Cashore, G. Capano y J. Real-Dato, este documento busca abordar las convergencias y disparidades del desarrollo teórico sobre el cambio y la dinámica de las políticas públicas, a fin de ofrecer una revisión de medio término. Nuestro interés no obstante es doble: poner sobre la mesa este tema, tan importante como incipientemente tratado en la literatura en lengua castellana, y proponer una integración tipológica sobre los elementos constitutivos o dimensiones de las políticas públicas a fin de determinar qué cambia cuando cambia una política, y avanzar con ello en el debate sobre el llamado “problema de la variable dependiente”
This article offers a midterm review based on recent contributions made by renowned authors academics such as M. Howlett, B. Cashore, G. Capano and J. Real-Dato to deal with theoretical development-related convergence and disparity regarding public policy change and its dynamics. Interest in such matter lies in raising awareness about such an important topic which is dealt with so lightly in literature published in Spanish, and proposing typological integration regarding public policy's constitutive elements or dimensions for determining what changes when policy becomes changed and using it to advance debate about the so-called "dependent variable problem".
Palabras clave:
Public policy theory, policy change, policy analysis, policy making
Teorías en políticas públicas, cambio de las políticas, análisis de políticas, proceso de las políticas
Teorías en políticas públicas, cambio de las políticas, análisis de políticas, proceso de las políticas
Aguilar Villanueva, L. F. (Ed.). 1996a. El estudio de las políticas públicas (2a ed.). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
________. (Ed.). 1996b. La hechura de las políticas (2a ed.). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Alagappa, M. 1995. Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: the quest for moral authority. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Barzelay, M.; Gaetani, F.; Cortázar-Velarde, J. C. & Cejudo, G. 2003. Research on Public Managemente Policy Change in the Latin American Region: A Conceptual Framework and Methodological Guide. International Public Management Review 4(1): 20-42.
Baumgartner, F. R. & Jones, B. D. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Beetham, D. 1991. The legitimation of power. Houndmills, Basingstoke: MacMillan.
Berry, F. S. & Berry, W. 2007. Innovation and diffussion models in policy research. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 223-260): Westview Press.
Cabrero Mendoza, E. 2000. Usos y costumbres en la hechura de las políticas públicas en México: Límites del policy sciences en contextos cultural y políticamente diferentes. Gestión y Política Pública IX(2): 189- 230.
Cairney, P. 2007. How does the political science literature conceptualise change? A Multiple Lenses Approach, Governing by Looking Back Conference: Australian National University.
________. 2009a. Multiple Theories and Multiple Narratives in Public Policy: Are They Complementary or Contradictory? APSA American Political Science Association Conference. Toronto: 25- 11 Agenda Setting and Policy Change in New Contexts.
________. 2009b. Using Multiple Lenses and Multiple Narratives to Explain Developments in Public Administration Policy Studies Association PSA Conference. Manchester: Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen.
Capano, G. 2009a. Political Change and Policy Change: Some Notes on the Rule of leadership as a Theoretical and Empirical Problem. In I. P. S. Association (ed.). XXI IPSA World Congress of Political Science. Santiago de Chile: IPSA.
________. 2009b. Understanding Policy Change as an Epistemological and Theoretical Problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 263-282.
Capano, G. & Howlett, M. 2008. European and North American Policy Change: drivers and Dynamics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
________. 2009a. Introduction: The Determinants of Policy Change: Advancing the Debate. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 1-5.
________. 2009b. The Multidimensional World of Policy Dynamics. In G. Capano & M. Howlett (eds.). European and North American Policy Change: Drivers and Dynamics (1st Ed., 1-12): Routledge ECPR Studies in European Political Science.
Cruz-Rubio, C. 2010. La taxonomía del cambio: Enfoques y tipologías para la comprensión del cambio de las políticas públicas. Unpublished Manuscript. Madrid.
De Leon, P. 1999. The Stages Approach to the Policy Process: What has it Done? Where is it going? In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the Policy Process (19-33). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Dobbin, F.; Simmons, B. & Garrett, G. 2007. The Global Difussion of Public Policies: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning? Annual Review of Sociology 33: 449-472.
Feyerabend, P. 1975. Against method: outline of an anarchist theory of knowledge. London: Verso.
Hall, P. A. 1993. Policy paradigms, social learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics 25(3): 275-296.
Hill, K. Q. 1997. In search of policy theory. Policy Currents, 1-13.
Hogwood, B. W. & Gunn, L. A. 1984. Policy analysis for the real world. Oxford Oxfordshire; New York: Oxford University Press.
Hogwood, B. W. & Peters, B. G. 1983. Policy dynamics. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.
Horowitz, D. L. 1989. Is there a thirdworld policy process? Policy Sciences 22: 197-212.
Howlett, M. & Cashore, B. 2007. ReVisiting the new orthodoxy of policy dynamics: The dependent variable and re-aggregation problems in the study of policy change. Canadian Political Science Review 1(2): 50-62.
________. 2009. The dependent variable problem in the study of policy change: Understanding policy change as a methodological problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 33-46.
Ingram, H.; Schneider, A. L. & de Leon, P. 2007. Social construction and policy design. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 93-126). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
James, T. E. & Jorgensen, P. D. 2009. Policy knowledge, policy formulation and change: Revisiting a foundational question. Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 141-162.
Jenkins-Smith, H. C. & Sabatier, P. A. 1994. “Evaluating the Advocacy Coalition Framework”. Journal of Public Policy 2(14): 175-203.
Jochim, A. E. & May, P. J. 2009, 11-13 Jun. Beyond Subsystems: Policy Regimes and Governance. Paper presented at the 5TAD Fifth Transatlantic Dialogue Conference, Washington, D. C.
John, P. 1999. Ideas and interest, agendas and implementation: An evolutionary explanation of policy change in british local government finance. British Journal of Politics and International Relations (11): 39-62.
________. 2003. Is there life after policy streams, advocacy coalitions, and punctuations: Using evolutionary theory to explain policy change? Policy Studies Journal 31(4): 481-678.
Jones, B. D. & Baumgartner, F. R. 2005. The politics of attention: How government prioritizes problems. Chigago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jones, M. D. & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. 2009. Trans-Subsystem Dynamics: Policy topography, mass opinion, and policy change. The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 37-58.
Kingdon, J. W. 1984. Agendas, alternatives and public policies. Glenview, IL.: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Köning, T.; Tsebelis, G. & Debus, M. 2010. Reform processes and policy change: Veto players and decisionmaking in modern democracies.
Kuhn, T. 1970. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, C. E. 1996a. La ciencia de “salir del paso”. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a Ed., 201-225). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
________. 1996b. Todavía tratando de salir del paso. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a Ed., 227-254). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Linder, J. 2003. Institutional stability and change: Two sides of the same coin. Journal of European Public Policy 10(6): 912-935.
Lowi, T. J. 1996. Políticas públicas, estudios de caso y teoría política. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a ed., 89- 117). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Mcbeth, M. K.; Shahanan, E. A.; Arnell, R. J. & Hathaway, P. L. 2007. The intersection of narrative policy analysis and policy change theory. The Policy Studies Journal 35(1): 87-108.
Medellín Torres, P. 2004. La política de las políticas públicas: propuesta teórica y metodológica para el estudio de las políticas públicas en países de frágil institucionalidad. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Meier, K. J. 2009. Policy theory, policy theory everywere: Ravings of a deranged policy scholar. The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 5-11.
Mintrom, M., & Norman, P. 2009. Policy entrepreneurship and policy change. Policy Studies Journal.
Montpetit, E. 2008. Policy design for legitimacy: Expert knowledge, citizens, time and inclusion in the united kigdom’s biotechnology sector. Public Administration 86(1): 259-277.
Olsen, J. P. 2008. Change and continuity: An institutional approach to institutions of democratic government. Arena Centre for European Studies. Working Paper (37). Oslo.
Ostrom, E. 1991. A Framework for institutional analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Bloomington IN.
________. 1999. Institutional rational choice: An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In Theories of the Policy Process (35-72). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2007. Institutional rational choice: An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In Theories of the Policy Process (2nd Edition ed., 35-72). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2011. Background on the institutional analysis and development framework. Policy Studies Journal 39(1): 7-27.
Rayner, J. 2009. Understanding policy change as a historial problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 83-96.
Real-Dato, J. 2009a. Mechanisms of policy change: A proposal for a synthetic explanatory framework. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 117-143.
________. 2009b. Mechanisms of policy stability and change: Epistemological and theoretical implications of the application of the institutional analysis and development framework to the analysis and explanation of policy dynamics. In I. P. S. Association (ed.), IPSA 21st World Congress of Political Science. Santiago de Chile.
Rose, R. 1998. El Gran Gobierno. Un acercamiento desde los programas gubernamentales. México: Nuevas Lecturas de Política y Gobierno. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Roth-Deubel, A. N. 2007. Análisis de políticas públicas: de la pertinencia de una perspectiva basada en el anarquismo epistemológico. Revista Ciencia Política (3): 39-64.
________. 2008. El análisis de políticas públicas y sus múltiples abordajes teóricos ¿una discusión irrelevante para América Latina? I Congreso de Ciencia Política (12). Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.
Sabatier, P. A. 1988. An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences (21): 129-168.
________. 1991. Toward better theories of the policy process 24(2): 144-156.
________. 2007. The need for better theories. In Theories of the policy process (2nd Edition ed., 3-17). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. 1993. Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 1999. The advocacy coalition framework: An assesment. In
Theories of the policy process (117- 165). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. 2007. The advocacy coalition framework: Innovations and clarifications. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 189-220). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Scartascini, C.; Spiller, P.; Stein, E. & Tommasi, M. 2011. El juego político en América Latina: ¿Cómo se deciden las políticas públicas? Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The semisovereign people. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Schlager, E. 1997. A Response to kim quaile hill’s in search of policy theory. Policy Currents (7).
________. 2007. A comparison of frameworks, theories and models of policy processes. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 293-319). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Schneider, A. L. & Ingram, H. M. 1997. Policy design for democracy. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
Schneider, A. L. & Sidney, M. 2009. What is next for policy design and social construction theory? The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 103-118.
Smith, G. & May, D. 1993. The artificial debate between rationalist and incrementalist models of decision making. In M. Hill (ed.). The policy process: A reader (197-211): Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Stein, E. & Tommasi, M. (Eds.). 2008. Policymaking in Latin America: How politics shapes policies. InterAmerican Development Bank.
Stewart, J. 2006. Value conflict and policy change. The Review of Policy Research 23(1): 183-195.
Torgerson, D. 1985. Contextual orientation in policy analysis: The Contribution of Harold D. Lasswell. Policy Sciences (18): 141-161.
True, J. L.; Jones, B. D. & Baumgartner, F. R. 2007. Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory: Explaining stability and change in public policymaking. In Theories of the policy process (Second Ed., 155-187). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Tsebelis, G. 1995. Decision making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, Parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism. British Journal of Political Science 25: 289-325.
Velasques Gavilanes, R. 2009. Hacia una nueva definición del concepto política pública. Desafíos (20): 149-187.
Wilson, C. A. 2000. Policy regimes and policy change. Journal of Public Policy 20(3): 247-274.
________. 2006. Public Policy: Continuity and Change. McGraw-Hill. Zahariadis, N. 1999. Ambiguity, time and multiple streams. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (73- 94). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2007. Ambiguity, time and multiple streams. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 73-94). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. (Ed.). 1996b. La hechura de las políticas (2a ed.). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Alagappa, M. 1995. Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: the quest for moral authority. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Barzelay, M.; Gaetani, F.; Cortázar-Velarde, J. C. & Cejudo, G. 2003. Research on Public Managemente Policy Change in the Latin American Region: A Conceptual Framework and Methodological Guide. International Public Management Review 4(1): 20-42.
Baumgartner, F. R. & Jones, B. D. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Beetham, D. 1991. The legitimation of power. Houndmills, Basingstoke: MacMillan.
Berry, F. S. & Berry, W. 2007. Innovation and diffussion models in policy research. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 223-260): Westview Press.
Cabrero Mendoza, E. 2000. Usos y costumbres en la hechura de las políticas públicas en México: Límites del policy sciences en contextos cultural y políticamente diferentes. Gestión y Política Pública IX(2): 189- 230.
Cairney, P. 2007. How does the political science literature conceptualise change? A Multiple Lenses Approach, Governing by Looking Back Conference: Australian National University.
________. 2009a. Multiple Theories and Multiple Narratives in Public Policy: Are They Complementary or Contradictory? APSA American Political Science Association Conference. Toronto: 25- 11 Agenda Setting and Policy Change in New Contexts.
________. 2009b. Using Multiple Lenses and Multiple Narratives to Explain Developments in Public Administration Policy Studies Association PSA Conference. Manchester: Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen.
Capano, G. 2009a. Political Change and Policy Change: Some Notes on the Rule of leadership as a Theoretical and Empirical Problem. In I. P. S. Association (ed.). XXI IPSA World Congress of Political Science. Santiago de Chile: IPSA.
________. 2009b. Understanding Policy Change as an Epistemological and Theoretical Problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 263-282.
Capano, G. & Howlett, M. 2008. European and North American Policy Change: drivers and Dynamics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
________. 2009a. Introduction: The Determinants of Policy Change: Advancing the Debate. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 1-5.
________. 2009b. The Multidimensional World of Policy Dynamics. In G. Capano & M. Howlett (eds.). European and North American Policy Change: Drivers and Dynamics (1st Ed., 1-12): Routledge ECPR Studies in European Political Science.
Cruz-Rubio, C. 2010. La taxonomía del cambio: Enfoques y tipologías para la comprensión del cambio de las políticas públicas. Unpublished Manuscript. Madrid.
De Leon, P. 1999. The Stages Approach to the Policy Process: What has it Done? Where is it going? In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the Policy Process (19-33). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Dobbin, F.; Simmons, B. & Garrett, G. 2007. The Global Difussion of Public Policies: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning? Annual Review of Sociology 33: 449-472.
Feyerabend, P. 1975. Against method: outline of an anarchist theory of knowledge. London: Verso.
Hall, P. A. 1993. Policy paradigms, social learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics 25(3): 275-296.
Hill, K. Q. 1997. In search of policy theory. Policy Currents, 1-13.
Hogwood, B. W. & Gunn, L. A. 1984. Policy analysis for the real world. Oxford Oxfordshire; New York: Oxford University Press.
Hogwood, B. W. & Peters, B. G. 1983. Policy dynamics. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books.
Horowitz, D. L. 1989. Is there a thirdworld policy process? Policy Sciences 22: 197-212.
Howlett, M. & Cashore, B. 2007. ReVisiting the new orthodoxy of policy dynamics: The dependent variable and re-aggregation problems in the study of policy change. Canadian Political Science Review 1(2): 50-62.
________. 2009. The dependent variable problem in the study of policy change: Understanding policy change as a methodological problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 33-46.
Ingram, H.; Schneider, A. L. & de Leon, P. 2007. Social construction and policy design. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 93-126). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
James, T. E. & Jorgensen, P. D. 2009. Policy knowledge, policy formulation and change: Revisiting a foundational question. Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 141-162.
Jenkins-Smith, H. C. & Sabatier, P. A. 1994. “Evaluating the Advocacy Coalition Framework”. Journal of Public Policy 2(14): 175-203.
Jochim, A. E. & May, P. J. 2009, 11-13 Jun. Beyond Subsystems: Policy Regimes and Governance. Paper presented at the 5TAD Fifth Transatlantic Dialogue Conference, Washington, D. C.
John, P. 1999. Ideas and interest, agendas and implementation: An evolutionary explanation of policy change in british local government finance. British Journal of Politics and International Relations (11): 39-62.
________. 2003. Is there life after policy streams, advocacy coalitions, and punctuations: Using evolutionary theory to explain policy change? Policy Studies Journal 31(4): 481-678.
Jones, B. D. & Baumgartner, F. R. 2005. The politics of attention: How government prioritizes problems. Chigago: The University of Chicago Press.
Jones, M. D. & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. 2009. Trans-Subsystem Dynamics: Policy topography, mass opinion, and policy change. The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 37-58.
Kingdon, J. W. 1984. Agendas, alternatives and public policies. Glenview, IL.: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Köning, T.; Tsebelis, G. & Debus, M. 2010. Reform processes and policy change: Veto players and decisionmaking in modern democracies.
Kuhn, T. 1970. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, C. E. 1996a. La ciencia de “salir del paso”. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a Ed., 201-225). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
________. 1996b. Todavía tratando de salir del paso. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a Ed., 227-254). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Linder, J. 2003. Institutional stability and change: Two sides of the same coin. Journal of European Public Policy 10(6): 912-935.
Lowi, T. J. 1996. Políticas públicas, estudios de caso y teoría política. En L. F. Aguilar Villanueva (ed.). La hechura de las políticas (2a ed., 89- 117). México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Mcbeth, M. K.; Shahanan, E. A.; Arnell, R. J. & Hathaway, P. L. 2007. The intersection of narrative policy analysis and policy change theory. The Policy Studies Journal 35(1): 87-108.
Medellín Torres, P. 2004. La política de las políticas públicas: propuesta teórica y metodológica para el estudio de las políticas públicas en países de frágil institucionalidad. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Meier, K. J. 2009. Policy theory, policy theory everywere: Ravings of a deranged policy scholar. The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 5-11.
Mintrom, M., & Norman, P. 2009. Policy entrepreneurship and policy change. Policy Studies Journal.
Montpetit, E. 2008. Policy design for legitimacy: Expert knowledge, citizens, time and inclusion in the united kigdom’s biotechnology sector. Public Administration 86(1): 259-277.
Olsen, J. P. 2008. Change and continuity: An institutional approach to institutions of democratic government. Arena Centre for European Studies. Working Paper (37). Oslo.
Ostrom, E. 1991. A Framework for institutional analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Bloomington IN.
________. 1999. Institutional rational choice: An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In Theories of the Policy Process (35-72). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2007. Institutional rational choice: An assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework. In Theories of the Policy Process (2nd Edition ed., 35-72). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2011. Background on the institutional analysis and development framework. Policy Studies Journal 39(1): 7-27.
Rayner, J. 2009. Understanding policy change as a historial problem. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 83-96.
Real-Dato, J. 2009a. Mechanisms of policy change: A proposal for a synthetic explanatory framework. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 11(1): 117-143.
________. 2009b. Mechanisms of policy stability and change: Epistemological and theoretical implications of the application of the institutional analysis and development framework to the analysis and explanation of policy dynamics. In I. P. S. Association (ed.), IPSA 21st World Congress of Political Science. Santiago de Chile.
Rose, R. 1998. El Gran Gobierno. Un acercamiento desde los programas gubernamentales. México: Nuevas Lecturas de Política y Gobierno. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Roth-Deubel, A. N. 2007. Análisis de políticas públicas: de la pertinencia de una perspectiva basada en el anarquismo epistemológico. Revista Ciencia Política (3): 39-64.
________. 2008. El análisis de políticas públicas y sus múltiples abordajes teóricos ¿una discusión irrelevante para América Latina? I Congreso de Ciencia Política (12). Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.
Sabatier, P. A. 1988. An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sciences (21): 129-168.
________. 1991. Toward better theories of the policy process 24(2): 144-156.
________. 2007. The need for better theories. In Theories of the policy process (2nd Edition ed., 3-17). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. 1993. Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 1999. The advocacy coalition framework: An assesment. In
Theories of the policy process (117- 165). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. 2007. The advocacy coalition framework: Innovations and clarifications. In P. A. Sabatier (Ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 189-220). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Scartascini, C.; Spiller, P.; Stein, E. & Tommasi, M. 2011. El juego político en América Latina: ¿Cómo se deciden las políticas públicas? Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The semisovereign people. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Schlager, E. 1997. A Response to kim quaile hill’s in search of policy theory. Policy Currents (7).
________. 2007. A comparison of frameworks, theories and models of policy processes. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 293-319). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Schneider, A. L. & Ingram, H. M. 1997. Policy design for democracy. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas.
Schneider, A. L. & Sidney, M. 2009. What is next for policy design and social construction theory? The Policy Studies Journal 37(1): 103-118.
Smith, G. & May, D. 1993. The artificial debate between rationalist and incrementalist models of decision making. In M. Hill (ed.). The policy process: A reader (197-211): Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Stein, E. & Tommasi, M. (Eds.). 2008. Policymaking in Latin America: How politics shapes policies. InterAmerican Development Bank.
Stewart, J. 2006. Value conflict and policy change. The Review of Policy Research 23(1): 183-195.
Torgerson, D. 1985. Contextual orientation in policy analysis: The Contribution of Harold D. Lasswell. Policy Sciences (18): 141-161.
True, J. L.; Jones, B. D. & Baumgartner, F. R. 2007. Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory: Explaining stability and change in public policymaking. In Theories of the policy process (Second Ed., 155-187). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Tsebelis, G. 1995. Decision making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, Parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism. British Journal of Political Science 25: 289-325.
Velasques Gavilanes, R. 2009. Hacia una nueva definición del concepto política pública. Desafíos (20): 149-187.
Wilson, C. A. 2000. Policy regimes and policy change. Journal of Public Policy 20(3): 247-274.
________. 2006. Public Policy: Continuity and Change. McGraw-Hill. Zahariadis, N. 1999. Ambiguity, time and multiple streams. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (73- 94). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
________. 2007. Ambiguity, time and multiple streams. In P. A. Sabatier (ed.). Theories of the policy process (2nd Ed., 73-94). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Cruz Rubio, C. N. (2011). Convergencias y disparidades en las teorías sobre el cambio de las políticas públicas: una revisión preliminar y una propuesta de integración tipológica. Administración & Desarrollo, 39(54), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.22431/25005227.139
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