Publicado:
jun 21, 2016
Liderazgo: una aproximación desde las neurociencias Leadership: An approach from the neurosciences
Contenido principal del artículo
El propósito de este documento es establecer cuáles son los aportes de la neurociencia al liderazgo durante el siglo XX, a partir de una aproximación a los antecedentes y al contexto en el que se desarrolla, junto a la revisión de sus principales conceptos y disciplinas, y su relación con el liderazgo. Se corrobora la hipótesis según la cual los principales aportes de las neurociencias al liderazgo se centran en el estudio de fenómenos sociales como la conducta, la regulación emocional, la toma de decisiones, entre otros; y cómo cada uno de estos fenómenos ha sido estudiado desde diferentes posturas para enriquecer la investigación.
This paper aims to establish the contributions given by the neurosci¬ence to the leadership field, during the twentieth century, from a perspective that gets close to the neuroscience’s background and its context, along with a revision of its principal concepts and disciplines and its relationship with the leadership. The hypothesis that states that the main contributions from the neurosciences to the leadership focus on the study of social phenomena, such as the behavior, emotional regulation, decision making , among others, is confirmed; and how each of these phenomena has been previously studied from different perspectives to enrich the research
Palabras clave:
Neurosciences, leadership, cognitive neuroscience, brain, change, regulación emocional
neurociencias, liderazgo, neurociencia cognitiva, cerebro, cambio, regulación emocional
neurociencias, liderazgo, neurociencia cognitiva, cerebro, cambio, regulación emocional
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Anatomía Humana. (2011). Cerebro, visión sagital media [blog]. Recuperado de http://blogdeanatomiahumana.blogspot.com/2011_09_01_archive.html
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
Blanco, C. (2014). Historia de la neurociencia, el conocimiento del cerebro y la mente desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Madrid: Editorial Biblioteca Nueva.
Bennett, M., y Hacker, P. (2002). The motor system in neuroscience: a history and analysis of conceptual developments. Progress in Neurobiology, 67, 1-52.
Blomme, R. J., y Bornebroek-Te Lintelo, K. (2012). Existentialism and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(3), 405-421.
Borrell, J. (2007). A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience. Brain research reviews, 55(1), 8-16.
Boyatzis, R., Passarelli, A., Koenig, K., Lowe, M., Mathew, B., Stoller, J., y Phillips M. (2012). Examination of the neural substrates activated in memories of experiences with resonant and dissonant leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 259-272.
Burke, R. (2007). Sir Charles Sherrington’s the integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation. Brain, 130(4), 887-894.
Damasio, A. R. (1994). El error de Descartes: la razón de las emociones. Barcelona: Andrés Bello.
De Gregori, W. (1999). En busca de una nueva noología. Estudios pedagógicos (Valdivia), 25, 71-82. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-07051999000100004&lng=es&tlng=es. 10.4067/S0718-07051999000100004
De Gregori, W. (2002). Construcción familiar-escolar de los tres cerebros. Brasilia: Kimpres editorial.
Dimitriadis, N., y Psychogios, A. (2016). Neuroscience for Leaders: A Brain Adaptive Leadership Approach. Londres: Kogan.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., y Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136-157.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Holgren, R., Maszk, P., y Losoya, S. (1997). The relations of regulation and emotionality to resiliency and competent social functioning in elementary school children. Child Development, 68(2), 295-311.
Ernst, M., y Paulus, M. P. (2005). Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Biological psychiatry, 58(8), 597-604.
Falk, E., Morelli, S., Dambacher, K. & Lieberman, M. (2013). Creating Buzz: The Neural Correlates of Effective Message Propagation. Psycological Science, 24(7), 1234-1242.
Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., y Sutton, R. I. (2009). Social reality, the boundaries of self-fulfilling prophecy, and Economics/How and why theories matter: A comment on felin and foss. Organization Science, 20(3), 654-681.
Friedman, R., y Foster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Positive Psychology, 81(6), 1001-1013.
Ghadiri, A., Habermacher, A., y Peters, T. (2012). Neuroscience for Bussiness. Neuroleadership a Journey Through the Brain for Business Leaders (pp. 17-56). Germany: Springer.
Ghadiri, A., Habermacher, A., y Peters, T. (2014).The case for basic human needs in coaching: A neuroscientific perspective – The SCOAP Coach Theory. The coaching Psycologist, 10(1), 7-16.
Goldin, P. R., McRae, W., Ramel, W., y Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577-586.
Goldsmith, M. (2010). Sharing Leadership to Maximize Talent. Harvard Business Review. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2010/05/sharing-leadership-to-maximize
Goleman, D. (2004). La Inteligencia Emocional. Vergara.
Grant, A. (2012). Making positive change: a randomized study comparing solution-focused vs. problem-focused coaching questions. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 31(2), 21-35.
Gross, C. (1987). Neuroscience, Early History of. Enciclopedia of Neuroscience (pp. 843-847). Cambridge: Princeton University.
Hecht, D., Walsh, V., y Lavidor, M. (2011). Bi-frontal direct current stimulation affects delay discounting choices. Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 7-11.
Herzberg, F. (1987). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, 65(5), 109-120.
Hogenelst K., Schoevers RA, Aan Het Rot M. (2015). The Effects of Tryptophan on Everyday Interpersonal Encounters and Social Cognitions in Individuals with a Family History of Depression. International Journal Neuropsychopharmacol, 18(8). doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv012.
Jonck, P., y Van der Walt, F. (2016). Juxtaposing South Africa’s Private Sector and Its Public Service Regarding Innovation Diffusion, to Explore the Obstacles to E-Governance. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 10(1), 249-255. Recuperado de: http://www.waset.org/publications/10003526
Karikara, T., Cobham, A.E., y Ndams, I. (2016). Building sustainable neuroscience capacity in Africa: the role of non-profit organizations. Metabolic Brain Disease, 31(1), 3-9. Recuperado de: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11011-015-9687-8
Kawasaki, S., Nishimura, Y., Takizawa, R., Koike, S., Kinoshita, A., Satomura, Y., Sakakibara, E., Sakurada, H., Yamagishi, M., Nishimura, F., Yoshikawa, A., Inai, A., Nishioka, M., Eriguchi, Y., Kakiuchi, C., Araki, T., Kan, C., Umeda, M., Shimazu, A., Hashimoto, H., Kawakami, N., y Kasai, K. (2015). Using social epidemiology and neuroscience to explore the relationship between job stress and frontotemporal cortex activity among workers. Social Neuroscience, 10(3), 230-242.
Kotter, J. P. (2006). Leading Change. Harvard Business Review, 1-10. Recuperado de https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/resources/marketing/docs/95204f2.pdf
Kotter, J. P., y Schlesinger, L. A. (2008). Choosing Strategies for Change. Harvard Business Review, 130-139. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2008/07/choosing-strategies-for-change
Lafferty, C. L., y Alford, K. L. (2010). NeuroLeadership: Sustaining research relevance into the 21st century. S.A.M. Advanced. Management Journal, 75(3), 32-40.
Laureno, B. (2010). A revisionist history of American neurology. Brain, 133, 638-642.
Lee, N., Senior, C., y Butler, M. (2012). Leadership research and cognitive neuroscience: The state of this union. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 213-218.
Leiter, M. P. (1988). Burnout as a function of communication patterns a study of a multidisciplinary mental health team. Group & Organization Studies, 13(1), 111.
Lieberman, M. (2009). The brain´s braking system and how to use your words to tap into it. Neuroleadership Journal, 2, 9-14.
Lieberman, M. D., y Ochsner, K. N. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. The American Psychologist, 56(9), 717-734.
McNamara, G., y Bromiley, P. (1997). Decision making in an organizational setting: Cognitive and organizational influences on risk assessment in commercial lending. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1063-1088.
Martín, J., Cardoso, N., y Bonifacio, V. (2004). La década del cerebro (1990-2000): algunas aportaciones. Revista Española de Neuropsicología 6(3-4), 131-170.
Mayer, J. D., y Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, y D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 4-30). New York: Basic Books. Recuperado de http://www.unh.edu/emotional_intelligence/EI%20Assets/Reprints...EI%20Proper/EI1997MSWhatIsEI.pdf
Miller, G. (2003). The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. Cognitive Science, 7(3), 141-144.
Morgado, P., Sousa, N., y Cerqueira, J. J. (2015). The impact of stress in decision making in the context of uncertainty. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 93(6), 839-847.
Newman, J., y Harris, J. (2009). The Scientific Contributions of Paul D. MacLean. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Volume 197(1), 3-5.
Ochsner, K. N., Hughes, B., Robertson, E. R., Cooper, J. C., y Gabrieli, J. (2009). Neural systems supporting the control of affective and cognitive conflicts. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(9), 1841-1854.
Ochsner, K., y Lieberman, M. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 56(9), 717-734.
Ringleb, A., y Rock, D. (2008). The emerging field of NeuroLeadership. NeuroLeadership journal, 1, 1-18. Recuperado de http://www.davidrock.net/files/IntroNLS.pdf
Rock, D. (2008). SCARF: a brain based model for collaborating with and influencing others. Neuroleadership Journal, 1, 1-5.
Rock, D. (2009). Managing with the Brain in Mind: Strategy+Business Magazine. Recuperado de http://www.strategy-business.com/article/09306?gko=5df7f
Rock, D. (2011). From telling to influencing. People and Strategy, 34(1), 6.
Rock, D., y Schwartz, J. (2006). The Neuroscience of Leadership. Strategy & Negocios. Recuperado de http://www.strategy-business.com/article/06207?pg=all
Rose, N., y Abi-Rached, J. (2013). The new Brain Sciences and the managment of the mind. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
Roullet, B. y Droulers, O. (2014). Décision managériale et neurosciences: une nouvelle vision de la gouvernance ? Revue managment y avenir, 69, 13-31.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., y Annen, H. (2011). Beyond General Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross‐Border Leadership Effectiveness in a Globalized World. Journal of Social Issues, 67(4), 825-840.
Saxe, R., y Skerry, A. (2014). A Common Neural Code for Perceived and Inferred Emotion. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(48), 15997-16008.
Squire, L., Spitzer, N., Du Lac, S., Gosh, A. & Berg, D. (2008). Fundamental Neuroscience. Elsevier.
Su, M., Yang, C. C., Trikamji, B., Mishra, S. (2015). History of neurology in Taiwan. Neurology, 84, 1803-1805.
Swanbrow, D. (1989). The paradox of happiness. Psychology Today, 23, 37-39.
Tillott, S., Walsh, K., y Moxham, L. (2013). Encouraging engagement at work to improve retention, Nursing Management, 19(10), 21-31.
Toro, G. (2000). Origen y evolución de la Ciencia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias, 24, 92.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub‐Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence. Social and personality psychology compass, 6(4), 295-313.
Vorhauser‐Smith, S. (2011). The neuroscience of talent management. Employment Relations Today, 38(1), 17-22.
Vroom, V. H. (1984). Reflections on leadership and decision-making. Journal of General Management, 9(3), 18.
Waldman, D., Balthazard, P., y Peterson, S. (2011). Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1092-1106.
Anatomía Humana. (2011). Cerebro, visión sagital media [blog]. Recuperado de http://blogdeanatomiahumana.blogspot.com/2011_09_01_archive.html
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
Blanco, C. (2014). Historia de la neurociencia, el conocimiento del cerebro y la mente desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Madrid: Editorial Biblioteca Nueva.
Bennett, M., y Hacker, P. (2002). The motor system in neuroscience: a history and analysis of conceptual developments. Progress in Neurobiology, 67, 1-52.
Blomme, R. J., y Bornebroek-Te Lintelo, K. (2012). Existentialism and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(3), 405-421.
Borrell, J. (2007). A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience. Brain research reviews, 55(1), 8-16.
Boyatzis, R., Passarelli, A., Koenig, K., Lowe, M., Mathew, B., Stoller, J., y Phillips M. (2012). Examination of the neural substrates activated in memories of experiences with resonant and dissonant leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 259-272.
Burke, R. (2007). Sir Charles Sherrington’s the integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation. Brain, 130(4), 887-894.
Damasio, A. R. (1994). El error de Descartes: la razón de las emociones. Barcelona: Andrés Bello.
De Gregori, W. (1999). En busca de una nueva noología. Estudios pedagógicos (Valdivia), 25, 71-82. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-07051999000100004&lng=es&tlng=es. 10.4067/S0718-07051999000100004
De Gregori, W. (2002). Construcción familiar-escolar de los tres cerebros. Brasilia: Kimpres editorial.
Dimitriadis, N., y Psychogios, A. (2016). Neuroscience for Leaders: A Brain Adaptive Leadership Approach. Londres: Kogan.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665-697.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., y Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136-157.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Holgren, R., Maszk, P., y Losoya, S. (1997). The relations of regulation and emotionality to resiliency and competent social functioning in elementary school children. Child Development, 68(2), 295-311.
Ernst, M., y Paulus, M. P. (2005). Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Biological psychiatry, 58(8), 597-604.
Falk, E., Morelli, S., Dambacher, K. & Lieberman, M. (2013). Creating Buzz: The Neural Correlates of Effective Message Propagation. Psycological Science, 24(7), 1234-1242.
Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., y Sutton, R. I. (2009). Social reality, the boundaries of self-fulfilling prophecy, and Economics/How and why theories matter: A comment on felin and foss. Organization Science, 20(3), 654-681.
Friedman, R., y Foster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Positive Psychology, 81(6), 1001-1013.
Ghadiri, A., Habermacher, A., y Peters, T. (2012). Neuroscience for Bussiness. Neuroleadership a Journey Through the Brain for Business Leaders (pp. 17-56). Germany: Springer.
Ghadiri, A., Habermacher, A., y Peters, T. (2014).The case for basic human needs in coaching: A neuroscientific perspective – The SCOAP Coach Theory. The coaching Psycologist, 10(1), 7-16.
Goldin, P. R., McRae, W., Ramel, W., y Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577-586.
Goldsmith, M. (2010). Sharing Leadership to Maximize Talent. Harvard Business Review. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2010/05/sharing-leadership-to-maximize
Goleman, D. (2004). La Inteligencia Emocional. Vergara.
Grant, A. (2012). Making positive change: a randomized study comparing solution-focused vs. problem-focused coaching questions. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 31(2), 21-35.
Gross, C. (1987). Neuroscience, Early History of. Enciclopedia of Neuroscience (pp. 843-847). Cambridge: Princeton University.
Hecht, D., Walsh, V., y Lavidor, M. (2011). Bi-frontal direct current stimulation affects delay discounting choices. Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 7-11.
Herzberg, F. (1987). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, 65(5), 109-120.
Hogenelst K., Schoevers RA, Aan Het Rot M. (2015). The Effects of Tryptophan on Everyday Interpersonal Encounters and Social Cognitions in Individuals with a Family History of Depression. International Journal Neuropsychopharmacol, 18(8). doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv012.
Jonck, P., y Van der Walt, F. (2016). Juxtaposing South Africa’s Private Sector and Its Public Service Regarding Innovation Diffusion, to Explore the Obstacles to E-Governance. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 10(1), 249-255. Recuperado de: http://www.waset.org/publications/10003526
Karikara, T., Cobham, A.E., y Ndams, I. (2016). Building sustainable neuroscience capacity in Africa: the role of non-profit organizations. Metabolic Brain Disease, 31(1), 3-9. Recuperado de: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11011-015-9687-8
Kawasaki, S., Nishimura, Y., Takizawa, R., Koike, S., Kinoshita, A., Satomura, Y., Sakakibara, E., Sakurada, H., Yamagishi, M., Nishimura, F., Yoshikawa, A., Inai, A., Nishioka, M., Eriguchi, Y., Kakiuchi, C., Araki, T., Kan, C., Umeda, M., Shimazu, A., Hashimoto, H., Kawakami, N., y Kasai, K. (2015). Using social epidemiology and neuroscience to explore the relationship between job stress and frontotemporal cortex activity among workers. Social Neuroscience, 10(3), 230-242.
Kotter, J. P. (2006). Leading Change. Harvard Business Review, 1-10. Recuperado de https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/resources/marketing/docs/95204f2.pdf
Kotter, J. P., y Schlesinger, L. A. (2008). Choosing Strategies for Change. Harvard Business Review, 130-139. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2008/07/choosing-strategies-for-change
Lafferty, C. L., y Alford, K. L. (2010). NeuroLeadership: Sustaining research relevance into the 21st century. S.A.M. Advanced. Management Journal, 75(3), 32-40.
Laureno, B. (2010). A revisionist history of American neurology. Brain, 133, 638-642.
Lee, N., Senior, C., y Butler, M. (2012). Leadership research and cognitive neuroscience: The state of this union. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 213-218.
Leiter, M. P. (1988). Burnout as a function of communication patterns a study of a multidisciplinary mental health team. Group & Organization Studies, 13(1), 111.
Lieberman, M. (2009). The brain´s braking system and how to use your words to tap into it. Neuroleadership Journal, 2, 9-14.
Lieberman, M. D., y Ochsner, K. N. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. The American Psychologist, 56(9), 717-734.
McNamara, G., y Bromiley, P. (1997). Decision making in an organizational setting: Cognitive and organizational influences on risk assessment in commercial lending. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1063-1088.
Martín, J., Cardoso, N., y Bonifacio, V. (2004). La década del cerebro (1990-2000): algunas aportaciones. Revista Española de Neuropsicología 6(3-4), 131-170.
Mayer, J. D., y Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, y D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 4-30). New York: Basic Books. Recuperado de http://www.unh.edu/emotional_intelligence/EI%20Assets/Reprints...EI%20Proper/EI1997MSWhatIsEI.pdf
Miller, G. (2003). The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. Cognitive Science, 7(3), 141-144.
Morgado, P., Sousa, N., y Cerqueira, J. J. (2015). The impact of stress in decision making in the context of uncertainty. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 93(6), 839-847.
Newman, J., y Harris, J. (2009). The Scientific Contributions of Paul D. MacLean. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Volume 197(1), 3-5.
Ochsner, K. N., Hughes, B., Robertson, E. R., Cooper, J. C., y Gabrieli, J. (2009). Neural systems supporting the control of affective and cognitive conflicts. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(9), 1841-1854.
Ochsner, K., y Lieberman, M. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 56(9), 717-734.
Ringleb, A., y Rock, D. (2008). The emerging field of NeuroLeadership. NeuroLeadership journal, 1, 1-18. Recuperado de http://www.davidrock.net/files/IntroNLS.pdf
Rock, D. (2008). SCARF: a brain based model for collaborating with and influencing others. Neuroleadership Journal, 1, 1-5.
Rock, D. (2009). Managing with the Brain in Mind: Strategy+Business Magazine. Recuperado de http://www.strategy-business.com/article/09306?gko=5df7f
Rock, D. (2011). From telling to influencing. People and Strategy, 34(1), 6.
Rock, D., y Schwartz, J. (2006). The Neuroscience of Leadership. Strategy & Negocios. Recuperado de http://www.strategy-business.com/article/06207?pg=all
Rose, N., y Abi-Rached, J. (2013). The new Brain Sciences and the managment of the mind. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
Roullet, B. y Droulers, O. (2014). Décision managériale et neurosciences: une nouvelle vision de la gouvernance ? Revue managment y avenir, 69, 13-31.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., y Annen, H. (2011). Beyond General Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross‐Border Leadership Effectiveness in a Globalized World. Journal of Social Issues, 67(4), 825-840.
Saxe, R., y Skerry, A. (2014). A Common Neural Code for Perceived and Inferred Emotion. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(48), 15997-16008.
Squire, L., Spitzer, N., Du Lac, S., Gosh, A. & Berg, D. (2008). Fundamental Neuroscience. Elsevier.
Su, M., Yang, C. C., Trikamji, B., Mishra, S. (2015). History of neurology in Taiwan. Neurology, 84, 1803-1805.
Swanbrow, D. (1989). The paradox of happiness. Psychology Today, 23, 37-39.
Tillott, S., Walsh, K., y Moxham, L. (2013). Encouraging engagement at work to improve retention, Nursing Management, 19(10), 21-31.
Toro, G. (2000). Origen y evolución de la Ciencia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias, 24, 92.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub‐Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence. Social and personality psychology compass, 6(4), 295-313.
Vorhauser‐Smith, S. (2011). The neuroscience of talent management. Employment Relations Today, 38(1), 17-22.
Vroom, V. H. (1984). Reflections on leadership and decision-making. Journal of General Management, 9(3), 18.
Waldman, D., Balthazard, P., y Peterson, S. (2011). Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1092-1106.
Caballero Vargas, L. Y., y Lis-Gutiérrez, J. P. (2016). Liderazgo: una aproximación desde las neurociencias. Administración & Desarrollo, 46(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.22431/25005227.63
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